Venezuelan Culture

The primary authors of this profile were Imogen Purcell and Nina Evason (2019).

• Aaron. (2011). Spanish Naming Conventions - Part 1: The Basics. Retrieved from https://blog.myheritage.com/2011/07/spanish-naming-conventions-%E2%80%93-part-1-the-basics/
• Al Jazeera. (2013). Timeline: Venezuela’s tumultuous history. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/09/201292121430533264.html
• Al Jazeera News. (2018). Venezuela’s crisis explained from the beginning. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/venezuela-happening-170412114045595.html
• Arana, M. (2013). Latin America’s Go-To Hero. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/opinion/arana-latin-americas-go-to-hero.html
• Arsenault, C. (2013). ‘Class war’ polarises Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/2013221105932437183.html
• Associated Press. (2015). Venezuela Seeks to Crack Down on Odd Baby Names. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/09/01/venezuela-seeks-to-crack-down-on-odd-baby-names.html
• Baguley, K. (2005). Culture Shock! Venezuela. Portland, USA: Graphic Arts Center Publishing.
• BBC. (2018). Venezuela crisis: Why has 7% of the population fled the country? Retrived from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-45263332/venezuela-crisis-why-has-7-of-the-population-fled-the-country
• Balch, O. (2013). Buen vivir: the social philosophy inspiring movements in South America. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/buen-vivir-philosophy-south-america-eduardo-gudynas
• Caicedo, S. (2017). Venezuelans being denied Australian visas due to the country's 'volatile situation'. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/spanish/en/article/2017/08/16/venezuelans-being-denied-australian-visas-due-countrys-volatile-situation
• Caraballo-Arias, Y., Madrid, J. & Barrios, M. (2018). Working in Venezuela: How the Crisis has Affected the Labor Conditions. Annals of Global Health 84(3): 512-522.
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2018). The World Factbook: Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html
• Chain, A. (2018). The Top 10 Festivals in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/venezuela/articles/top-10-festivals-in-venezuela/
• Commisceo Global. (2017). Venezuela Guide. Retrieved from https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/venezuela-guide
• Communicaid. (2018). Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.communicaid.com/country/venezuela/
• Council on Foreign Relations. (2018). Political Crisis in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/report/political-crisis-venezuela
• Davies, R. (2011). The cult of Maria Lionza. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/11/20111112111035654633.html
• Debenham, L. (2013). A Guide to Etiquette in Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.traveletiquette.co.uk/etiquette-in-venezuela.html
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017). Venezuela Country Brief. Retrieved from http://dfat.gov.au/geo/venezuela/Pages/venezuela-country-brief.aspx
• Department of Home Affairs. (2013). People of Australia 2013 Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf
• Department of Home Affairs. (2018). Venezuela-born: Community Information Summary. Retrieved from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-venezuela.PDF
• Department of Immigration and Citizenship. (2014). Community Information Summary: Venezuela-born. Retrieved from https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/venezuela.pdf
• eDiplomat. (2016). Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_ve.htm
• Emerson, R. G. (2011). A Bolivarian People: Identity politics in Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela. Humanities Research 18(1): 87-107. Retrieved from https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p121501/html/ch06.xhtml?referer=&page=8
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2006). Arawak. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arawak
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2011). Chibcha. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chibcha
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Carib. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carib
• Foreign Correspondent. (2017). Venezuela Undercover. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/foreign/venezuela-undercover/8374646
• Freier, F. (2018). Maduro's Immorality and the Role of the Church in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/venezuela-and-the-role-of-religious-institutions-during-state-crises/responses/maduro-s-immorality-and-the-role-of-the-church-in-venezuela
• Froehle, B. (1997). Pentecostals and Evangelicals in Venezuela: Consolidating Gains, Moving in New Directions. In E. L. Cleary and H. W. Stewart-Gambino (Eds.), Power, Politics,and Pentecostals in Latin America (pp. 201-225). Colorado, USA: Westview Press.
• Global Affairs Canada. (2018). Venezuela - Cultural Information. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_ve.aspx?lang=eng#cn-7
• Gudynas, E. (2011). Buen Vivir: Today’s tomorrow. Development 54(4): 441-447.
• Gutierrez, A. (2015). What’s the deal with santería and espiritismo?. Retrieved form https://www.caracaschronicles.com/2015/11/20/whats-the-deal-with-santeria-and-espiritismo/
• Haggerty, R. A. (1990). Venezuela: A Country Study. Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/
• Hawkins, K. (2003). Populism in Venezuela: The Rise of Chavismo. Third World Quarterly 24(6): 1137-1160.
• Hofstede Insights. (2018). Country Comparison: Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/venezuela/
• Human Rights Watch. (2019). Venezuela: Events of 2018. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela
• IMA. (2018). Doing Business in Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.venezuela.doingbusinessguide.co.uk/the-guide/etiquette,-language-culture/
• Jamal, U. (2017). The Chavista Who Toppled Columbus: Venezuela's Fight Against Colonialism. Retrieved from https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/The-Chavistas-who-Toppled-Columbus-Venezuelas-Fight-Against-Colonialism-20171011-0036.html
• Katz, L. (2017). Negotiating International Business - Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.leadershipcrossroads.com/mat/cou/Venezuela.pdf
• Labrador, R. C. (2019). Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis
• Lander, E. (2005). Venezuelan Social Conflict in a Global Context. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0094582X04273867
• Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. (2005). Country Profile: Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf
• Lieuwen, E., Martz, J. D., Heckel, H. D. and McCoy, J. L. (2019). Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Venezuela
• Lonely Planet. (2018). Public Holidays. Retrieved from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/venezuela/public-holidays
• Lonely Planet. (2019). Destination Today. Retrieved from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/venezuela/background/destination-today/a/nar/61fe9c2f-1bb7-4b2b-8fb4-20afcc7128fd/363461
• Marsh, H. (2017). Venezuela’s long history of racism is coming back to haunt it. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/venezuelas-long-history-of-racism-is-coming-back-to-haunt-it-82199
• Masur, G. S. (2018). Simon Bolivar. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar
• Minority Rights Group International. (2017a). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Venezuela. Retrieved from https://minorityrights.org/country/venezuela/
• Minority Rights Group International. (2017b). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Yanomami. Retrieved from https://minorityrights.org/minorities/yanomami-2/
• Multicultural South Australia. (2014). Venezuela: A Profile Venezuela-born South Australians. Retrieved from https://www.multicultural.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/22052/Venezuela-Dec-2014-v2.pdf
• Murphy, J. (2019). Santería. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Santeria
• National Statistics Institute of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. (2014). National Census of Population and Housing: National Total Results of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela General Management of Demographic Statistics Population and Housing Census Management. Retrieved from http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf
• Nichols, M. (2019). Venezuelans facing ‘unprecedented challenges,’ many need aid - internal U.N. report. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-un/venezuelans-facing-unprecedented-challenges-many-need-aid-internal-u-n-report-idUSKCN1R92AG
• Office Holidays. (2018). Public holidays in Venezuela in 2018. Retrieved from https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/venezuela/index.php
• Office of Multicultural Affairs and Citizenship. (2013). Victorian Community Profiles: 2011 Census Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of-Born. Melbourne, Victoria: State of Victoria. Retrieved form https://www.multicultural.vic.gov.au/images/stories/documents/2013/Censusfactsheetscommunityprofiles/commprofiles/99-venezuela.pdf
• Oliver, J. (2018). Venezuela’s Mounting Refugee Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/1c71833c-9f28-487d-90ad-5616779aca29
• OPEC. (2018). OPEC share of world crude oil reserves 2017. Retrieved from https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm
• Padgett, T. (2010). Why Venezuela's Chávez Dug Up Bolívar's Bones. Retrieved fromhttp://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2004526,00.html
• Page, T. L. (2015). “Race, Ethnicity, and Politics in Venezuela”. In Sáenz, R et al. (eds.), The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity, International Handbooks of Population 4, Netherlands: Springer.
• Paullier, J. (2011). Venezuela, spiritualism and santería. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2011/10/111017_venezuela_religion_santeria_espiritismo_jp
• Pestano, A. V. (2017). Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis. Retrieved from https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/02/19/Venezuela-75-of-population-lost-19-pounds-amid-crisis/2441487523377/
• Pew Research Center. (2014). Religion in Latin America. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/
• Price, M. D. (1996). The Venezuelan Andes and the Geographical Imagination. Geographical Review 83(3): 334-355. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/215498?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
• ProQuest. (2017). Culture Gram: Venezuela. Michigan: ProQuest.
• Reuters. (2011). Factbox: Venezuela's indigenous groups and their struggles. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-indigenous-factbox/factbox-venezuelas-indigenous-groups-and-their-struggles-idUSTRE75901M20110610
• Romero, S. (2007). A Culture of Naming That Even a Law May Not Tame. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/world/americas/05venez.html
• Romero, S. (2007). What's in a name? In Venezuela, just about anything - Americas - International Herald Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/world/americas/07iht-venez.4124068.html
• Sáenz, R., Embrick, D. G. and Rodríguez N. P. (2015). The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity. Netherlands: Springer.
• Sarafi the Globe. (2013). Relationships, Marriage, & family Life in Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.safaritheglobe.com/venezuela/culture/relationships-marriage-family/
• Smilde, D. (2018). The Catholic Church and the Venezuela Crisis, 20 Years On. Retrieved from https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/venezuela-and-the-role-of-religious-institutions-during-state-crises/responses/the-catholic-church-and-the-venezuela-crisis-20-years-on
• Study Country. (2018). Religious Beliefs and Spirituality in Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.studycountry.com/guide/VE-religion.htm
• Telles, E and Bailey, S. (2013). Understanding Latin American Beliefs about Racial Inequality, American Journal of Sociology 118(6): 1559-1595.
• The World Bank. (2018). The World Bank in Venezuela. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/venezuela/overview
• The World Travel Guide. (2014). Venezuela History, Language and Culture. Retrieved from https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/south-america/venezuela/history-language-culture/
• U.S. Department of State. (2007). Venezuela: International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90271.htm
• UNHCR. (2019). Regional RMRP for Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela January - December 2019. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2018/RMRP_Venezuela_2019_OnlineVersion.pdf
• UN Stats. (2011). Marriages and crude marriage rates, by urban/rural residence: 2007 - 2011. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011/Table23.pdf
• Wilpert, G. (2004). Racism and Racial Divides in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/322
• World Atlas. (2018). Ethnic Groups in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-venezuela.html
• World Atlas. (2018). Religious Beliefs in Venezuela. Retrieved from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-venezuela.html
• World Atlas. (2018). What Languages Are Spoken in Venezuela? Retrieved from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-venezuela.html